ABSTRACT
Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are significant public health problem in India. Studies have shown a considerably higher prevalence of STIs among females as well as in high-risk groups. Thus, we conducted this study to estimate the prevalence of STIs and to find out its associated factors among women living with HIV/AIDS. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the ART centre, Aligarh. A total of 170 HIV positive women were approached with study tools comprising of pre-structured proforma. NACO STIs Syndromes were used to estimate STIs. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0, keeping significance at p<0.05. Results: We found the self-reported prevalence of STIs in HIV positive women to be 18.2% (31/170) at the time of interview and 49.4% (84/170) ever since the diagnosis of HIV. Most of the HIV women were presently having vaginal/cervical or urethral discharge syndrome (93.5%) and genital ulcer syndrome (16.1%). STIs were significantly associated with uneducated females and with irregular use of condoms. Conclusion: This study found the prevalence of STIs to be still higher among HIV positive women, in spite of years of targeted interventions reducing it. A proper action and further researches are required to explore and manage variables associating STIs for reducing its prevalence
ABSTRACT
Traumatic enucleation with optic nerve avulsion following accidental penetrating orbital injury is a rare phenomenon. A 35 years old young active man was suddenly traumatized in his left orbit after falling down on a boat following collision of two running boats having no search light in a dark night. The patient was examined few hours after the event. The patient presented with severe pain around left periorbital region. He never lost consciousness. On examination right eye revealed no abnormality. There was left periorbital swelling with blood clots. Left eyeball was hanging from the orbit with 20mm portion of optic nerve. Left eyeball was suspended with the attachment of superior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus muscle. Medial rectus was lacerated and could not be traced out. One V shaped lacerated injury over the root of left side of nose was noted. One arm of the injury caused full thickness laceration of upper lid and other arm entered within orbit with medial bony orbital wall in nasal side and periorbita with other structures in temporal side upto apex of the orbit. Another lacerated full thickness lower lid injury was also noted. This case was managed surgically by removal of the left eyeball with orbital implant. Conjunctival injury, upper and lower lid injuries were repaired after proper surgical toileting. Ocular prosthesis was given two weeks later to have a good cosmetic view. Postoperatively the patient was managed with systemic antibiotics, NSAIDS and topical antibiotics. Traumatic enucleation following accidental boat collision was not reported yet. Awareness of the passengers, strict maintenance of the navigation rules may prevent this type of hazards.